1.Introduction A series of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, are accompanied with bioenergetic maladaptations and axonopathy wi
1.Introduction A series of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, are accompanied with bioenergetic maladaptations and axonopathy wi
1. Introduction Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most frequent complications of diabetes, ans also a major cause of foot ulcers, disability, and eventual amputation. With the prolongation of the
1.Introduction Mitochondria, a type of highly plastic organelle, can maintain a relatively stable dynamic equilibrium state towards the morphology, structure, quantity, volume, quality, and function
1. Introduction Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease, which is featured by the accumulation of lipids in the intima of the arteries with yellow appearance. This disease
1. Introduction Mitochondria are the center of energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes, which are necessary for maintaining normal myocardial contractility and cardiac function. Typically, the de
1. Introduction According to the 2020 report of World Health Organization (WHO), there are approximately 2.3 million cases with breast cancer worldwide. Breast cancer has emerged as one of the
1.Introduction The senescence in mammals is generally concomitant with the dysregulation of intestinal homeostasis and the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. High-burden mtDNA mutations lead to N
1. Introduction At present, vaccine is the preferred option for the prevention of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), for which the adjuvant is essential due to its strong role in boosting immune response associated wi
1. Introduction Acute lung injury comprises a uniform response of the lung to inflammatory or chemical insults which is commonly caused by systemic illness including sepsis or trauma, infection with pathogens, and tox
