Kelebihan NMNH
NMNH: 1. "Bonzyme" Kaedah keseluruhan enzimatik, mesra alam, tiada serbuk pembuatan sisa pelarut berbahaya. 2. Bontac adalah pengeluar pertama di dunia yang menghasilkan serbuk NMNH pada tahap ketulenan tinggi, kestabilan. 3. Teknologi penulenan tujuh langkah eksklusif "Bonpure", ketulenan tinggi (sehingga 99%) dan kestabilan pengeluaran serbuk NMNH 4. Kilang milik sendiri dan memperoleh beberapa pensijilan antarabangsa untuk memastikan bekalan produk serbuk NMNH yang berkualiti tinggi dan stabil 5. Menyediakan perkhidmatan penyesuaian penyelesaian produk sehenti
Kelebihan NADH
NADH: 1. Kaedah keseluruhan enzimatik Bonzyme, mesra alam, tiada sisa pelarut berbahaya 2. Teknologi penulenan tujuh langkah Bonpure eksklusif, ketulenan lebih tinggi daripada 98% 3. Bentuk kristal proses yang dipatenkan khas, kestabilan yang lebih tinggi 4. Memperoleh beberapa pensijilan antarabangsa untuk memastikan kualiti yang tinggi 5. 8 paten NADH domestik dan asing, menerajui industri 6. Menyediakan perkhidmatan penyesuaian penyelesaian produk sehenti
Kelebihan NAD
NAD: 1. Kaedah enzimatik keseluruhan "Bonzyme", mesra alam, tiada sisa pelarut berbahaya 2. Pembekal stabil 1000+ perusahaan di seluruh dunia 3. Teknologi penulenan tujuh langkah "Bonpure" yang unik, kandungan produk yang lebih tinggi dan kadar penukaran yang lebih tinggi 4. Teknologi pengeringan beku untuk memastikan kualiti produk yang stabil 5. Teknologi kristal yang unik, keterlarutan produk yang lebih tinggi 6. Kilang milik sendiri dan memperoleh beberapa pensijilan antarabangsa untuk memastikan bekalan produk yang berkualiti tinggi dan stabil
Kelebihan MNM
NMN: 1. "Bonzyme" Kaedah keseluruhan enzimatik, mesra alam, tiada sisa pelarut berbahaya 2. Teknologi penulenan tujuh langkah eksklusif "Bonpure", ketulenan tinggi (sehingga 99.9%) dan kestabilan 3. Teknologi terkemuka industri: 15 paten NMN domestik dan antarabangsa 4. Kilang milik sendiri dan memperoleh beberapa pensijilan antarabangsa untuk memastikan bekalan produk yang berkualiti tinggi dan stabil 5. Pelbagai kajian in vivo menunjukkan bahawa Bontac NMN selamat dan berkesan 6. Menyediakan perkhidmatan penyesuaian penyelesaian produk sehenti 7. Pembekal bahan mentah NMN pasukan David Sinclair yang terkenal dari Universiti Harvard
Kami Mempunyai Penyelesaian Terbaik untuk Perniagaan Anda
Bontac Bio-Engineering (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. (hereafter referred to as BONTAC) is a high-tech enterprise established in July 2012. BONTAC integrates R&D, production and sales, with enzyme catalysis technology as the core and coenzyme and natural products as main products. There are six major series of products in BONTAC, involving coenzymes, natural products, sugar substitutes, cosmetics, dietary supplements and medical intermediates.
As the leader of the global NMN industry, BONTAC has the first whole-enzyme catalysis technology in China. Our coenzyme products are widely used in health industry, medical & beauty, green agriculture, biomedicine and other fields. BONTAC adheres to independent innovation, with more than 170 paten ciptaan. Different from the traditional chemical synthesis and fermentation industry, BONTAC has advantages of green low-carbon and high-value-added biosynthesis technology. What’s more, BONTAC has established the first coenzyme engineering technology research center at the provincial level in China which also is the sole in Guangdong Province.
In the future, BONTAC will focus on its advantages of green, low-carbon and high-value-added biosynthesis technology, and build ecological relationship with academia as well as upstream/downstream partners, continuously leading the synthetic biological industry and creating a better life for human beings.
Ciri-ciri dan kelebihan produk BONTAC NAD
1、Kaedah enzimatik, mesra alam, tiada serbuk pembuatan sisa pelarut berbahaya
2、Ketulenan tinggi (sehingga 99%) dan kestabilan pengeluaran serbuk NAD
3、Kilang milik sendiri dan memperoleh beberapa pensijilan antarabangsa untuk memastikan bekalan produk serbuk NAD yang berkualiti tinggi dan stabil
4、Pelbagai kajian in vivo menunjukkan bahawa serbuk Bontac NAD selamat dan berkesan
5、Menyediakan perkhidmatan penyesuaian penyelesaian produk sehenti
Kaedah pembuatan serbuk NAD
The preparation methods of NAD powder are mainly divided into chemical synthesis method and biocatalytic method, among which biocatalytic method includes biological fermentation method and enzyme catalysis method. Enzyme catalysis method has gradually become the mainstream direction because of its advantages of green, environmental protection and pollution-free. And then the purity of NAD powder will reach 99% after the procedure of further purifying.
Keberkesanan serbuk NAD dalam kesihatan
Molecules that can be taken in supplement form to increase NAD levels in the body are referred to by some as “NAD boosters.” Studies conducted over the past six decades suggest that the following are some of the many benefits associated with taking an NAD supplement:
Boleh Membantu Memulihkan Fungsi Mitokondria
Helps Repair Blood Vessels —A 2018 mice study found that supplementation could aid in repair and growth of aged blood vessels. There’s also some evidence it can help manage heart disease risk factors like high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
May Improve Muscle Function — One animal study conducted in 2016 found that degenerative muscles had improved muscle function when supplemented with NAD+ precursors.
Potentially Helps Repair Cells and Damaged DNA — Some studies have found evidence that NAD+ precursor supplementation leads to an increase in DNA damage repair. NAD+ is broken down into two component parts, nicotinamide and ADP-ribose, which combine with proteins to repair cells.
May Help Improve Cognitive Function — Several studies conducted on mice have found that mice treated with NAD+ precursors experienced improvements in cognitive function, learning and memory. Findings have led researchers to believe that NAD supplement may help protect against cognitive decline/Alzheimer’s disease.
May Help Prevent Age-Related Weight Gain — A 2012 study showed that when mice fed a high-fat diet were given an NAD supplement, they gained 60 percent less weight than they did on the same diets without the supplement. One reason this may be true is that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide helps regulate production of stress- and appetite-related hormones, thanks to its effects on circadian rhythms.
Prekursor ialah molekul yang digunakan dalam tindak balas kimia di dalam badan untuk mencipta sebatian lain. Terdapat beberapa prekursor NAD+ yang menghasilkan tahap yang lebih tinggi apabila anda mengambil secukupnya.
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) mempunyai beberapa peranan penting dalam metabolisme. Ia bertindak sebagai koenzim dalam tindak balas redoks, sebagai penderma bahagian ADP-ribosa dalam tindak balas ADP-ribosilasi, sebagai pelopor molekul utusan kedua kitaran ADP-ribosa, serta bertindak sebagai substrat untuk ligase DNA bakteria dan sekumpulan enzim yang dipanggil sirtuin yang menggunakan NAD+ untuk mengeluarkan kumpulan asetil daripada protein. Sebagai tambahan kepada fungsi metabolik ini, NAD+ muncul sebagai nukleotida adenin yang boleh dibebaskan daripada sel secara spontan dan melalui mekanisme terkawal, dan oleh itu boleh mempunyai peranan ekstraselular yang penting.
Pertama, periksa kilang. Selepas beberapa pemeriksaan, NAD mendapati bahawa pengguna secara langsung memberi lebih perhatian kepada pembinaan jenama. Oleh itu, untuk jenama yang baik, kualiti adalah perkara yang paling penting, dan perkara pertama untuk mengawal kualiti bahan mentah ialah memeriksa kilang. Syarikat Bontac sebenarnya mengeluarkan serbuk NAD berkualiti tinggi dengan caterias SGS. Kedua, ketulenan diuji. Ketulenan adalah salah satu parameter terpenting serbuk NAD. Sekiranya NAD ketulenan tinggi tidak dapat dijamin, bahan selebihnya mungkin melebihi piawaian yang berkaitan. Seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh sijil yang dilampirkan menunjukkan bahawa serbuk NAD yang dihasilkan oleh Bontac mencapai ketulenan 99.9%. Akhir sekali, spektrum ujian profesional diperlukan untuk membuktikannya. Kaedah biasa untuk menentukan struktur sebatian organik termasuk Spektroskopi Resonans Magnetik Nuklear (NMR) dan spektrometri jisim resolusi tinggi (HRMS). Biasanya melalui analisis kedua-dua spektrum ini, struktur sebatian boleh ditentukan secara awal.
The difference all comes down to the charge of these coenzymes. NAD+ is written with a superscript + sign because of the positive charge on one of its nitrogen atoms. It is the oxidized form of NAD. It’s considered “an oxidizing agent” because it accepts electrons from other molecules.
Walaupun mereka berbeza dari segi kimia, istilah ini kebanyakannya digunakan secara bergantian apabila membincangkan manfaat kesihatan mereka. Istilah lain yang mungkin anda temui ialah NADH, yang bermaksud nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hidrogen (H). Ini juga digunakan secara bergantian dengan NAD+ untuk sebahagian besar. Kedua-duanya adalah nikotinamida adenin dinukleotida yang berfungsi sama ada sebagai penderma hidrida atau penerima hidrida. Perbezaan antara kedua-duanya ialah NADH menjadi NAD+ selepas ia menderma elektron kepada molekul lain.
Kemas kini dan catatan blog kami
Penyelidikan terkini membuktikan: Koenzim NAD+ boleh meningkatkan imuniti tumor! Komen Pakar dari Akademi Sains China
On August 10, 2021, researchers from Shanghai University of Science and Technology published an article titled NAD+ supplement potentiates tumor killing function by rescuing defective TUBBY-mediated NAMPT transcription in tumor infiltrated T cells in Cell Reports, revealing that NAD+ in supplemented during CAR-T therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, it can improve the anti-tumor activity of T. At present, the supplementary precursor of NAD+, as a nutritional product,has been verified for human consumption safety.This achievement provides a simply and feasible new method for improving the anti-tumor activity of T cells. Cancer immunotherapies including the adoptive transfer of naturally occurring tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and genetically engineered T cells, as well as the use of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) to boost the function of T cells, have emerged as promising approaches to achieve durable clinical responses of otherwise treatment-refractory cancers (Lee et al., 2015; Rosenberg and Restifo, 2015; Sharma and Allison, 2015). Although immunotherapies have been successfully used in the clinic, the number of patients benefiting from them is still limited (Fradet et al., 2019; Newick et al., 2017). Tumor microenvironment (TME)-related immunosuppression has emerged as the major reason for low and/or no response to both immunotherapies (Ninomiya et al., 2015; Schoenfeld and Hellmann, 2020). Therefore, efforts to investigate and overcome TME-related limitations in immune therapies are of great urgency. The fact that immune cells and cancer cells share many fundamental metabolic pathways implies an irreconcilable competition for nutrients in TME (Andrejeva and Rathmell, 2017; Chang et al., 2015). During uncontrolled proliferation, cancer cells hijack alternative pathways for more rapid metabolite generation (Vander Heiden et al., 2009). As a consequence, nutrient depletion, hypoxia, acidity, and generation of metabolites that can be toxic in the TME may hinder successful immunotherapy (Weinberg et al., 2010). Indeed, TILs often experience mitochondrial stress within growing tumors and become exhausted (Scharping et al., 2016). Interestingly, multiple studies also indicate that metabolic changes in TME could re-shape T cell differentiation and functional activity (Bailis et al., 2019; Chang et al., 2013; Peng et al., 2016). All these evidences inspired us to hypothesize that metabolic reprogramming in T cells might rescue them from a stressed metabolic environment, thereby reinvigorating their anti-tumor activity (Buck et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2017). In this current study, by integrating both genetic and chemical screens, we identified that NAMPT, a key gene involved in NAD+ biosynthesis, was essential for T cell activation. NAMPT inhibition led to robust NAD+ decline in T cells, thereby disrupting glycolysis regulation and mitochondrial function, blocking ATP synthesis, and dampening the T cell receptor (TCR) downstream signaling cascade. Building on the observation that TILs have relatively lower NAD+ and NAMPT expression levels than T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in ovarian cancer patients, we performed genetic screening in T cells and identified that Tubby (TUB) is a transcription factor for NAMPT. Finally, we applied this basic knowledge in the (pre) clinic and showed very strong evidence that supplementation with NAD+ dramatically improves the anti-tumor killing activity both in adoptively transferred CAR-T cells therapy and immune check point blockade therapy, indicating their promising potential for targeting NAD+ metabolism to better treat cancers. 1.NAD+ regulates the activation of T cells by affecting energy metabolism After antigen stimulation, T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, from mitochondrial oxidation to glycolysis as the main source of ATP. While maintaining sufficient mitochondrial functions to support cell proliferation and effector functions.Given that NAD+ is the main coenzyme for redox, the researchers verified the effect of NAD+ on the level of metabolism in T cells through experiments such as metabolic mass spectrometry and isotope labeling. The results of in vitro experiments show that NAD+ deficiency will significantly reduce the level of glycolysis, TCA cycle and electron transport chain metabolism in T cells. Through the experiment of replenishing ATP, the researchers found that the lack of NAD+ mainly inhibits the production of ATP in T cells, thereby reducing the level of T cell activation. 2.The NAD+ salvage synthesis pathway regulated by NAMPT is essential for T cell activation The metabolic reprogramming process regulates the activation and differentiation of immune cells. Targeting T cell metabolism provides an opportunity to modulate the immune response in a cellular way. Immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, their own metabolic level will also be correspondingly affected. The researchers in this article have discovered the important role of NAMPT in the activation of T cells through genome-wide sgRNA screening and metabolism-related small molecule inhibitor screening experiments. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme for redox reactions and can be synthesized through the salvage pathway, de novo synthesis pathway, and Preiss-Handler pathway. The NAMPT metabolic enzyme is mainly involved in the NAD+ salvage synthesis pathway. Analysis of clinical tumor samples found that in tumor-infiltrating T cells, their NAD+ levels and NAMPT levels were lower than other T cells. Researchers speculate that NAD+ levels may be one of the factors that affect the anti-tumor activity of tumor-infiltrating T cells. 3.Supplement NAD+ to enhance the anti-tumor activity of T cells Immunotherapy has been exploratory research in cancer treatment, but the main problem is the best treatment strategy and the effectiveness of immunotherapy in the overall population. Researchers want to study whether enhancing the activation ability of T cells by supplementing NAD+ levels can enhance the effect of T cell-based immunotherapy. At the same time, in the anti-CD19 CAR-T therapy model and anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy model, it was verified that supplementation of NAD+ significantly enhanced the tumor-killing effect of T cells. The researchers found that in the anti-CD19 CAR-T treatment model, almost all mice in the CAR-T treatment group supplemented with NAD+ achieved tumor clearance, while the CAR-T treatment group without NAD+ supplemented only about 20 % Of mice achieved tumor clearance. Consistent with this, in the anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment model, B16F10 tumors are relatively tolerant to anti-PD-1 treatment, and the inhibitory effect is not significant. However, the growth of B16F10 tumors in the anti-PD-1 and NAD+ treatment group could be significantly inhibited. Based on this, NAD+ supplementation can enhance the anti-tumor effect of T cell-based immunotherapy. 4.How to supplement NAD+ The NAD+ molecule is large and cannot be directly absorbed and utilized by the human body. The NAD+ directly ingested orally is mainly hydrolyzed by brush border cells in the small intestine. In terms of thinking, there is indeed another way to supplement NAD+, which is to find a way to supplement a certain substance so that it can synthesize NAD+ autonomously in the human body. There are three ways to synthesize NAD+ in the human body: Preiss-Handler pathway, de novo synthesis pathway and salvage synthesis pathway. Although the three ways can synthesize NAD+, there is also a primary and secondary distinction. Among them, the NAD+ produced by the first two synthetic pathways only accounts for about 15% of the total human NAD+, and the remaining 85% is achieved through the way of remedial synthesis. In other words, the salvage synthesis pathway is the key to the human body to supplement NAD+. Among the precursors of NAD+, nicotinamide (NAM), NMN and nicotinamide ribose (NR) all synthesize NAD+ through a salvage synthesis pathway, so these three substances have become the body's choice for supplementing NAD+. Although NR itself has no side effects, in the process of NAD+ synthesis, most of it is not directly converted into NMN, but needs to be digested into NAM first, and then participate in the synthesis of NMN, which still cannot escape the limitation of rate-limiting enzymes. Therefore, the ability to supplement NAD+ through oral administration of NR is also limited . As a precursor for supplementing NAD+, NMN not only bypasses the restriction of rate-limiting enzymes, but is also absorbed very quickly in the body and can be directly converted into NAD+. Therefore, it can be used as a direct, rapid and effective method to supplement NAD+. Expert Reviews: Xu Chenqi (Excellence and Innovation Center of Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Immunology Research Expert) Cancer treatment is a problem in the world. The development of immunotherapy has made up for the limitations of traditional cancer treatment and expanded the treatment methods of doctors. Cancer immunotherapy can be divided into immune checkpoint blocking therapy, engineered T cell therapy, tumor vaccine, etc. These treatment methods have played a certain role in the clinical treatment of cancer. At the same time, this also makes the current focus of immunotherapy research on how to further enhance the effect of immunotherapy and expand the beneficiaries of immunotherapy.
Peta Bersepadu Mekanisme Molekul yang Mendasari Kesan NMN dalam T2DM
Pengenalan Diabetes adalah salah satu punca utama kematian dan kecacatan di seluruh dunia, sangat menjejaskan kualiti hidup pesakit. Menurut data terkini mengenai diabetes yang dikeluarkan oleh Lancet (Kajian GBD 2021), kes diabetes mellitus jenis 2 (T2DM) hampir membentuk 96.0% daripada semua kes diabetes, dengan ciri pengambilan glukosa terjejas. Terdapat kira-kira 529 juta pesakit diabetes pada tahun 2021, dengan kelaziman piawai umur sebanyak 6.1%. Hebatnya, β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) mampu memperbaiki T2DM melalui kesan yang tidak dijangka pada tisu adiposa dan bukannya biogenesis mitokondria. Prevalens standard umur global diabetes jenis 1 dan jenis 2 dari 1990 hingga 2050 ramalan Faktor risiko untuk T2DM Indeks jisim badan (BMI) yang tinggi adalah faktor risiko utama untuk T2DM, diikuti oleh faktor risiko pemakanan, faktor persekitaran atau pekerjaan, merokok, aktiviti fizikal yang tidak mencukupi, pengambilan alkohol, dsb. Kesan khusus organ rawatan NMN dalam T2DM NMN mengurangkan sintesis protein yang sedikit terjejas dan tidak cekap tenaga pada tikus dengan T2DM yang disebabkan oleh makanan tinggi lemak. Secara khusus, NMN menurunkan protein spliceosom sambil meningkatkan pengawalseliaan protein ribosom dalam hepatosit. Selain itu, NMN menurunkan proteasom dan meningkatkan replikasi DNA dan laluan kitaran sel dalam sel otot. Analisis data proteomik bersepadu hati tetikus HFD yang dirawat NMN. Analisis data proteomik bersepadu tisu otot tetikus. Tisu adiposa, takungan tenaga, telah dibuktikan terlibat dengan metabolisme glukosa. NMN meningkatkan pengambilan glukosa melalui penurunan regulasi Resistin, peningkatan sintesis/degradasi protein, degradasi asid lemak, pengawalseliaan protein lisosom (terutamanya peningkatan pengawalseliaan pam proton ATP6V1), isyarat percambahan sel mTOR dalam tisu adiposa putih, pembezaan preadiposit kepada sel adiposa coklat dan/atau ekspresi berlebihan UCP1 terogenik, protein membran mitokondria dalam tisu adiposa coklat. Analisis data proteomik bersepadu tisu adiposa tetikus HFD yang dirawat NMN Kesimpulan NMN memberikan kesan khusus organ, dengan peranan penting dalam meningkatkan pengambilan glukosa, menunjukkan potensi kuat dalam pengurusan gangguan metabolik termasuk T2DM. Rujukan [1] GBD 2021 Kolaborator Diabetes. Beban diabetes global, serantau dan nasional dari 1990 hingga 2021, dengan unjuran kelaziman hingga 2050: analisis sistematik untuk Kajian Beban Penyakit Global 2021. Lancet. 2023; 402(10397):203-234. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01301-6 [2] Popescu RG, Dinischiotu A, Soare T, Vlase E, Marinescu GC. Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) berfungsi dalam diabetes jenis 2 melalui kesan yang tidak dijangka dalam tisu adiposa, bukan oleh biogenesis mitokondria. Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(5):2594. Diterbitkan 2024 Feb 23. doi:10.3390/ijms25052594 BONTAC NMN BONTAC ialah perintis industri NMN dan pengeluar pertama yang melancarkan pengeluaran besar-besaran NMN, dengan teknologi pemangkin enzim keseluruhan pertama di seluruh dunia. Pada masa ini, BONTAC telah menjadi perusahaan terkemuka dalam bidang khusus produk koenzim. Terutama, BONTAC ialah pembekal bahan mentah NMN pasukan David Sinclair yang terkenal di Universiti Harvard, yang menggunakan bahan mentah BONTAC dalam kertas bertajuk "Kemerosotan Rangkaian Isyarat NAD+-H2S Endothelial Adalah Punca Penuaan Vaskular yang Boleh Diterbalikkan". Perkhidmatan dan produk kami telah diiktiraf oleh rakan kongsi global. Tambahan pula, BONTAC mempunyai satu-satunya pusat penyelidikan teknologi kejuruteraan koenzim bebas kebangsaan pertama dan satu-satunya wilayah di Guangdong, China. Produk koenzim BOMNTAC digunakan secara meluas dalam bidang seperti kesihatan pemakanan, bioperubatan, kecantikan perubatan, bahan kimia harian dan pertanian hijau. Penafian Artikel ini berdasarkan rujukan dalam jurnal akademik. Maklumat yang berkaitan disediakan untuk tujuan perkongsian dan pembelajaran sahaja, dan tidak mewakili sebarang tujuan nasihat perubatan. Jika terdapat sebarang pelanggaran, sila hubungi pengarang untuk pemadaman. Pandangan yang dinyatakan dalam artikel ini tidak mewakili kedudukan BONTAC. Dalam apa jua keadaan, BONTAC tidak akan dipertanggungjawabkan atau dipertanggungjawabkan dalam apa jua cara untuk sebarang tuntutan, ganti rugi, kerugian, perbelanjaan, kos atau liabiliti (termasuk, tanpa had, sebarang kerosakan langsung atau tidak langsung untuk kehilangan keuntungan, gangguan perniagaan atau kehilangan maklumat) yang terhasil atau timbul secara langsung atau tidak langsung daripada pergantungan anda terhadap maklumat dan bahan di laman web ini.
Prospek Prekursor NAD+ dalam Penyakit Berkaitan Usia
1. Introduction Age-related NAD+ depletion affects physiological functions and contributes to various aging-related diseases. NAD+ precursors can significantly elevate NAD+ level in murine tissues, effectively mitigate metabolic syndrome, enhance cardiovascular health, protect against neurodegeneration, and boost muscular strength, with broad prospect in the anti-aging-related field. 2. The synthesis and metabolism of NAD+ in age-related pathologies NAD+ is synthesized from NAD+ precursors and amino acids tryptophan via three main pathways: De novo, Preiss-Handler, and Salvage. Supplementation of NAD+ precursors can be advantageous in maintaining normal cellular metabolism regulated by NAD+ and NAD+-dependent enzymes such as Sirtuins, PARP, CD38, and SARM1. NAD+ intermediates require conversion into NA to elevate NAD+ level. NAD+ and its metabolism-related enzymes have very important roles in biological processes such as cellular metabolic processes, gene expression, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. NAD+ repletion is drawing attention as an anti-aging intervention. NAD+ precursors, such as NA, NAM, NR, and NMN, provide beneficial effects in various preclinical disease models of age-induced deficits, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative diseases, and musculoskeletal diseases. 3. Comparison on the efficacy of replenishing NAD precursors in pre-clinical studies and clinical studies in age-related pathologies The downregulation of NAD+ level in cells and tissues is not a universal phenomenon for aging-related pathologies. NAD+ merely decreases with age in certain tissues. The efficacy of NAD+ precursors in clinical studies has been limited in comparison with that in the pre-clinical studies. Noteworthily, this issue can be addressed as long as much attention has been paid to the metabolism of NAD. With regards to the oral supplementation of NAD+ precursors, there is obvious link between NAD metabolism and gut microbes. Specifically, oral consumption of NMN is converted into NAMN through interaction with the gut microbiome. In addition, dietary NAM and NR are converted into NA through gut microbiota. 4. Future research directions regarding the NAD+ metabolism It is fundamental to consider how the gut microbiome affects NAD+ metabolism, and changes in microbiome composition may affect the availability of NAD+ precursors. Future studies also require the comparative analysis of different precursors, and the role of gut microbiomes regarding various intermediaries needs to be investigated. Assessment of how NAD+ precursors affect microbiota and how their interaction with NAD+ metabolism benefits the physiological condition is essential for future preclinical and clinical studies. 5. Conclusion Supplementation of suitable NAD+ precursors or intervening in NAD+ metabolism can restore the body's NAD+ level, which is of great practical significance for effectively improving aging-related diseases and prolonging healthy life span is of great practical significance for effectively improving aging-related diseases and prolonging healthy life span. NAD metabolism involves gut microbiome, and in-depth research on their interaction is possibly an important breakthrough in the future to combat aging-related pathologies. Reference Iqbal T, Nakagawa T. The therapeutic perspective of NAD+ precursors in age-related diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Published online February 2, 2024. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149590 About BONTAC BONTAC has been dedicated to the R&D, manufacture and sale of raw materials for coenzyme and natural products since 2012, with self-owned factories, over 160 global patents as well as strong R&D team consisting of Doctors and Masters. BONTAC has rich R&D experience and advanced technology in the biosynthesis of NAD and its precursors (eg. NMN and NR), with various forms to be selected (eg. endoxin-free IVD-grade NAD, Na-free or Na-containing NAD; NR-CL or NR-Malate). High quality and stable supply of products can be better ensured here with the exclusive Bonpure seven-step purification technology and Bonzyme Whole-enzymatic method. Disclaimer This article is based on the reference in the academic journal. The relevant information is provide for sharing and learning purposes only, and does not represent any medical advice purposes. If there is any infringement, please contact the author for deletion. The views expressed in this article do not represent the position of BONTAC. BONTAC holds no responsibility for any claims, damages, losses, expenses, costs or liabilities whatsoever resulting or arising directly or indirectly from your reliance on the information and material on this website.